The Persian Empire Cyrus the Greats Immense Expansion

At its height, in about 500 BCE, the founding dynasty of the Persian Empire called the Achaemenids conquered Asia as far as the Indus River, Greece, and North Africa including what is now Egypt and Libya. It also included modern-day Iraq (ancient Mesopotamia), Afghanistan, as well as probably modern-day Yemen and Asia Minor. The impact of the expansionism of the Persians was felt in 1935 when Reza Shah Pahlavi changed the name of the country known as Persia to Iran. Eran was what the ancient Persian kings called the people they ruled that we now know as the Persian Empire. The original Persians were Aryan speakers, a linguistic group that encompassed a large number of sedentary and nomadic people of Central Asia. Chronology The beginning of the Persian empire has been set at different times by different scholars, but the real force behind the expansion was Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great (ca. 600–530 BCE). The Persian Empire was the largest in history for the next two centuries until it was conquered by Macedonian adventurer, Alexander the Great, who established an even greater empire, in which Persia was only a part. Historians typically divide the empire into five periods. Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE)Seleucid Empire (330–170 BCE), established by Alexander the Great and also called the Hellenistic PeriodParthian Dynasty (170 BCE–226 CE)Sassanid (or Sasanian) Dynasty (226–651 CE) Dynastic Rulers Achaemenian tomb of Cyrus II, 559-530 BC, on Murghab Plain, restored by Alexander the Great in 324 BC, Pasargadae, Iran.   Christopher Rennie / robertharding / Getty Images Plus Cyrus the Great (ruled 559–530) was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty. His first capital was at Hamadan (Ecbatana) but eventually moved it to Pasargadae. The Achaemenids created the royal road from Susa to Sardis that later helped the Parthians establish the Silk Road and a postal system. Cyruss son Cambyses II (559–522, r. 530–522 BCE) and then Darius I (also known as Darius the Great, 550–487 BCE, r. 522–487 CCE) further expanded the empire; but when Darius invaded Greece, he started the disastrous Persian War (492–449/448 BCE); after Darius died, his successor Xerxes (519–465, r. 522–465) invaded Greece again. Darius and Xerxes lost the Greco-Persian wars, in effect establishing an empire for Athens, but later Persian rulers continued to interfere in Greek affairs. Artaxerxes II (r. 465–424 BCE), who reigned for 45 years, built monuments and shrines. Then, in 330 BCE, Macedonian Greeks led by Alexander the Great overthrew the final Achaemenid king, Darius III (381–330 BCE). Seleucid, Parthian, Sassanid Dynasties After Alexander died, his empire was broken up into pieces ruled by Alexanders generals known as the Diadochi. Persia was given to his general Seleucus, who established what was called the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucids were all Greek kings who ruled parts of the empire between 312–64 BCE. The Persians regained control under the Parthians, although they were continued to be heavily influenced by the Greeks. The Parthian Dynasty (170 BCE–224 CE) was ruled by the Arsacids, named for the founder Arsaces I, leader of the Parni (an east Iranian tribe) who took control of the former Persian satrapy of Parthia. In 224 CE, Ardashir I, the first king of the final pre-Islamic Persian dynasty, the city-building Sassanids or Sassanians defeated the last king of the Arsacid dynasty, Artabanus V, in battle. Ardashir came from the (southwestern) Fars province, near Persepolis. Naqsh-e Rustam Although the founder of the Persian empire Cyrus the Great was buried in a built tomb at his capital of Pasargadae, the body of his successor Darius the Great was placed in a rock-cut tomb at the site of Naqsh-e Rustam (Naqs-e Rostam). Naqsh-e Rustam is a cliff face, in Fars, about 4 miles northwest of Persepolis. The cliff is the site of four royal tombs of the Achaemenids: the other three burials are copies of Dariuss tomb and thought to have been used for other Achaemenid kings—the contents were looted in antiquity. The cliff has inscriptions and reliefs from pre-Achaemenid, Achaemenid, and Sasanian Periods. A tower (Kabah-i Zardusht, the cube of Zoroaster) standing in front of Dariuss tomb was built as early the first half of the 6th century BCE. Its original purpose is debated, but Inscribed on the tower are the deeds of the Sassanian king Shapur. Religion and the Persians There is some evidence that the earliest Achaemenid kings may have been Zoroastrian, but not all scholars are agreed. Cyrus the Great was known for his religious tolerance with regard to the Jews of the Babylonian Exile, according to inscriptions on the Cyrus Cylinder and existing documents in the Old Testament of the Bible. Most of the Sassanians espoused the Zoroastrian religion, with varying levels of tolerance for non-believers, including the early Christian church. End of the Empire By the sixth century CE, conflicts grew stronger between the Sasanian dynasty of the Persian Empire and the increasingly powerful Christian Roman Empire, involving religion, but primarily trade and land wars. Squabbles between Syria and other contested provinces led to frequent, debilitating border disputes. Such efforts drained the Sassanians as well as the Romans who were also ending their empire. The spread of Sasanian military to cover the four sections (spahbeds) of the Persian empire (Khurasan, Khurbarà £n, Nimroz, and Azerbaijan), each with its own general, meant that troops were too thinly spread to resist the Arabs. The Sassanids were defeated by Arab caliphs in the mid-7th century CE, and by 651, the Persian empire was ended. Sources Brosius, Maria. The Persians: An Introduction. London; New York: Routledge 2006.Curtis, John E., ed. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. Print.Daryaee, Touraj. The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity. Journal of World History 14.1 (2003): 1–16. Print.Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad. Administrative Geography of the Early Sasanian Period: The Case of Adurbadagan. Iran 45 (2007): 87–93. Print.Magee, Peter, et al. The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan. American Journal of Archaeology 109.4 (2005): 711–41.Potts, D. T., et al. Eight Thousand Years of History in Fars Province, Iran. Near Eastern Archaeology 68.3 (2005): 84–92. Print.Stoneman, Richard. How Many Miles to Babylon? Maps, Guides, Roads, and Rivers in the Expeditions of Xenophon and Alexander. Greece and Rome 62.1 (2015): 60–74. Print.

Introduction to Marketing Free Essays

Primary Questionnaires: Questionnaires consist of a list of questions that can be used to obtain feedback such as a spoc which is used at colleges to find out information such as if a student is enjoying their course etc. The Oldham College recently gave all of the students a spoc which was to get their feedback about the college for e.g. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now if they feel safe and satisfied by their course. By doing a spoc the college is able to find out how many students are satisfied with their course, tutors and so on; this helps the college as they can use their research to see who’s happy and who isn’t, thereon they are able to make changes if necessary for their market plan. Suggestion box: A suggestion box is a box that is used for people to put suggestions inside, this is a good way for a college to get and consider suggestions as people may want to make their suggestions anonymously. The Oldham College students are able to make suggestions to the college through their suggestion box; if the majority of the students make the same suggestion then the college could consider making changes in their marketing plan. Student reps: The students union of The Oldham College are able to talk with each other and hear out the students suggestions, ideas and any complaints there may be; therefore they are there to put forth suggestions or complaints on behalf of the students, if the college feels that the suggestions made are necessary or that it may be of benefit they could consider making changes to their marketing plan to satisfy their students. Secondary Gov stats: Government statistics are official data collected from colleges, schools etc. which is released to the public; a person can then see which college has better success rates and how many people join them and so on. When government statistics are released showing the achievements and how  many students are joining the different colleges such as their competitor’s, this helps The Oldham College to evaluate their different aspects; this allows them to take good measures. Newspapers: Newspapers are a good way of collecting data, such as how colleges advertise their courses to the public; when competitors advertise courses in the newspapers and/or magazines The Oldham College is able to see what kind of courses they advertise and how; for e.g. if it’s plain text or images and so on. This gives them an idea of what courses are mainly being advertised and will help their marketing plan as they can do the same or do it and improve their advertising compared to their competitors. Competitor’s website: A competitors website can be looked at by its rival such as The Oldham College as they can see their competitor’s website to gather data from them such as what courses they offer and how they advertise their courses through their website; this helps The Oldham College’s marketing plan as they are able to see if there is any way they can improve their way of advertising and even their website with the aim of attracting new students to the college, this would be done through making changes to their existing marketing plan. How to cite Introduction to Marketing, Essays Introduction to Marketing Free Essays What is marketing? Marketing is the function that connects businesses to their target audiences’ needs. It is how a business presents and distributes their product to their audience. For example, a business can market their product by advertising it to the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now This can be seen in many forms of media; such as: on television, via web, posters or on billboards. Marketing is the management procedure in which the product or service is moves from concept to the customer. It includes the co-ordination of the 4 P’s of marketing: product, price, placement and promotion. [tutor2u.net] The concepts of marketing Production The production concept is when businesses are more focused on making profit from their sales; the quality isn’t necessarily important as the company’s main concern is making sales. For instance, supermarkets such as Sainsbury’s and Tesco distribute their own products to the public. The production of products is also kept at a low cost. Product The product concept is when businesses focuses more on the quality of the product rather than how many of them are being sold. The business is more concerned with the high standards of the product set by customers and is prioritised. For example, smartphones have become more popular within society because of their many features. Selling The selling concept is when businesses are concerned with promoting a product even further to increase sales. For example, Coca-Cola advertises the same products over and over again; they introduced names to target people with that certain name. Marketing The marketing concept is when a business allows their customers to decide on the features of their product or service, before it is created. A business would use market research and use research development to discover the customers’ needs and wants for a product/service. Aims and objectives of two contrasting businesses Private sector business: Apple Inc. Apple’s objectives are to continuously sell the same products that are of high standards and quality. Market leadership in Apple Market leadership is when a business has the most customers/users due to their sales or service. Steve Jobs suggested these techniques to assist in becoming a market leader Be in possession of and have control over the relevant technology Take in and implement better technologies immediately as soon as they have availability, regardless of whether or not there are organisations using them beforehand Create new technologies/products before anyone else and make it an industry standard Brand awareness in Apple Apple raises brand awareness by creating adverts and allowing their stocks to be released online. This can be effective because potential customers will know whether not to purchase a product based on the stocks. Perceptions of customers in Apple Customers of Apple are aware of the product by seeing advertisement and by live streaming press conferences that are held by Apple. The effectiveness of live press conferences is that the potential customers will know what features the product has. Public sector business: National Health Service (NHS) Their aims are to aid people who are applicable to use their service. They are non-profit and are Governmental, which means that the Government funds the NHS by using a portion tax-payers’ money. Market leadership in the NHS The National Health Service is the only health service that is free in the country. This makes it the market leader. Awareness in the NHS One way in which the NHS raises awareness is by endorsements from the news or magazines. This can be effective because the news is something the majority of the public intakes. Perceptions of users in the NHS Users of the NHS become aware of this industry via real-life happenings. Some of these perceptions can be negative; as recently, a celebrity received a free surgery which wasn’t life threatening in any way. It wasted tax-payers’ money and the majority of the nation was unimpressed by this. How to cite Introduction to Marketing, Essays

Finance for Behavioural and Asymmetric Composition-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinance for Behavioural and Asymmetric Composition. Answer: Evaluating the occurrence of short run IPO under-pricing in Australia and US by contrasting the results with empirical study conducted on Hong Kong: The theories comprising of behavioural and asymmetric composition can be identified, as the measure fulfilling the viability of IPO under-pricing in US and Australian market. Moreover, the asymmetric theory indicates that information distribution is not adequately conducted among investors and companies, as it allows the investor to gain abnormal gains. Moreover, the behavioural theory indicates the willingness of the investor to investment in a stock during their IPOs. Hence, the combination of both asymmetric and behavioural theory directly supports that presence of IPO under-pricing, as it allows the investor to generate high rate of return from investment. The investors with the right information forces the price of IPO down to maximise the returns that is generated from investment. Hence, it could be understood that both asymmetric and behavioural theory supports the presence of under-pricing of IPO shares in US and Australian stock market. The empirical research mainly focuses on determining the overall under-pricing of initial public offerings which is been conducted in Hong Kong stock market. The research paper uses the overall duration of 10 years to identify the implications and impact of under-pricing on initial public offerings, while detecting its presence in the Hong Kong stock market. Identifying the presence of under-pricing measure used in Hong Kong stock market could relevantly help in understanding its presence in Australian and US stock market (Chong, Yuan and Yan 2010). The research estimates the average IPOs and pricing level in Hong Kong stock market to detect presence of under-pricing in the stock market. In this context, Boulton, Smart and Zutter (2017) stated that with the under-pricing of IPOs the underwriter is able to attract more investors during the IPO initiation and effectively free float shares of the organisation. From the early valuation of the research it could be identified that 16.6% of the 92 IPOs were on an average underpriced, directly indicate its presence in the Hong Kong stock market. Moreover, Beck (2017) stated that the IPO under-pricing is a relatively high in developing countries in comparison to developed countries, as investors are keen on increasing the profits from the initial public offering. The researcher also evaluated the short run abnormal returns that are generated from the IPO under-pricing in Hong Kong stock market. This would eventually help in satisfying the statement regarding the presence of under-pricing of IPOs. The researcher collectively uses dependent variables such as the closing price of IPOs first day trading, which is used in understanding the difference between the initial price and the closing price of a particular stock (Chong, Yuan and Yan 2010). Second dependent is also used in the research, which comprises of data from first 7 trading days and firs t 15 trading days for detecting the overall presence of under-pricing in IPOs. The explanatory variables are also used in the research for identifying the impact of under-pricing in determining the overall share price of IPOs. With the use of geometric mean the overall returns and annual growth of a particular stock can be identified, which might allow investors to increase the level of returns from investment. The researcher has a relatively used regression analysis to identify the significance of the values derived from the calculation. The researcher also evaluates that the Four Big Firms conducts the IPO valuation and selling in the stock market. The calculations mainly state that IPO selling conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and KPMG is much accurate on Hong Kong, as compared to the evaluations conducted by Ernst Young and Deloitte Touche (Chong, Yuan and Yan 2010). The empirical research also indicated that there is a presence of under-pricing of IPL during the initial stage, where low price shares are provided to investors to complete the share selli ng process. The low cost shares provided to investors relatively allows the company to sell of their issues for generating the required level of capital (Francis 2017). From the overall evaluation, it could be identified that IPO under-pricing level in Hong Kong stock market is at the levels of 16.8%, which has a relatively small magnitude of an uprising in comparison to other countries (Chong, Yuan and Yan 2010). Moreover, the shares related to A-Category are less impacted with the under-pricing process, while the B-Category stock is highly impacted by the under-pricing process. Therefore, from the evaluation of the empirical research it could be understood that developed countries have less impact of under-pricing during initial public offerings as compared to developing countries. However, the presence of enterprising for short duration is the relatively present in the Hong Kong stock market as evaluated from the empirical research. Hence, from the valuation of Hong Kong stock market it could be identified that both US and Australian stock market conduct IPO under-pricing for short duration. Consequently, the occurrence of short-run IP on the pricing in the Australian market would eventually hamper the company's ability to raise the level of capital to support its operational plans. This under-pricing is essential for both the investors and companies to benefit from the initial investment conducted during the IPO session (Morricone et al. 2017). The research directly shows that in case of developed countries, the under-pricing impact is less, while developing countries have high impact of short run under-pricing in its stock market, which benefits the initial investors and allow them to generate higher returns from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Beck, J., 2017. Determinants of IPO Underpricing: Tech vs Non-Tech Industries.Major Themes in Economics,19(1), pp.39-55. Boulton, T.J., Smart, S.B. and Zutter, C.J., 2017. Conservatism and international IPO underpricing.Journal of International Business Studies,48(6), pp.763-785. Chong, T.T.L., Yuan, S. and Yan, I.K.M., 2010. An examination of the underpricing of H-share IPOs in Hong Kong.Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,13(04), pp.559-582. Francis, B., 2017.The Information Environment of the Firm and IPO Underpricing(Doctoral dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute). Kotlar, J., Signori, A., De Massis, A. and Vismara, S., 2017. Financial wealth, socioemotional wealth and IPO underpricing in family firms: A two-stage gamble model.Academy of Management Journal, pp.amj-2016. Morricone, S., Munari, F., Oriani, R. and De Rassenfosse, G., 2017. Commercialization Strategy and IPO Underpricing.Research Policy,46(6), pp.1133-1141.

the chrysalids Essay Example

the chrysalids Essay the chrysalids BY ntul 23gi11123 The Chrysalids society and our modern society is very similar because both societies are Judged how people look but a difference is how religion plays role in daily life, and that modern society is still accepting compared to the Chrysalids society. The appearance of a human in both societies is very big. People even in modern society are called bunch of names still, for example someone with braces or glasses are always teased. In the Chrysalids society this would be known as a blasphemy against the true image of god, and hateful in the sight of god. 13) This meant that anyone that was not human like was killed (deviants). This also referred to plants and animals. The cause of deviation in the Chyrsalids society is because of the radiation from a nuclear war. The Chrysalids religion compared to modern societys religion is very different. The Chrysalids society only thought in one perspective and one belief, whereas now in modern society there are so m any perspectives and beliefs. For example Sophie is a girl David met who has six toes, and if anyone found out she would be killed. Sophie pleaded for her life the day David saw the extra toe, as she said you mustnt ever tell, never, never! Promise? (9) Luckily David is also a deviant and kept her secret. With this perspective and belief, the Waknuk society had an impact on controlling peoples actions that caused isolation and most people didnt understand of situations like this at all. A big difference in modern society compared to the Chrysalids society is that modern society still accepts. If somebody was to have a disease or physical appearance problem, modern society would help them and ssist with that whereas in the Chrysalids society you would be killed. We will write a custom essay sample on the chrysalids specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on the chrysalids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on the chrysalids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the story Joseph Storm Davids father had an incident with the Dakers cat. He believed that this cat was a deviant so he got a warrant for it and killed it. Soon after he found out that the Dakers cat was a recognized breed of tailless cats with a well-authenticated history (37) This shows how strict they were on appearance. The societys are similar in some ways because there is still rejection of appearance but differs because how religion is practised and also that modern society still welcomes everyone and isnt killed.

Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax (HST)

Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) What is the Ontario Harmonized Sales Tax? As part of its 2009 provincial budget, the Ontario government tabled a bill on November 16, 2009 to introduce a harmonized sales tax (HST) in Ontario. The harmonized sales tax being proposed by Ontario will combine the eight percent provincial sales tax with the five percent federal goods and services tax (GST) to create a single 13 percent harmonized sales tax (HST) administered by the federal government. The Ontario HST is scheduled to take effect July 1, 2010. Why is Ontario Switching to the HST? The Ontario government says Ontarios current dual tax system puts Ontario businesses at a competitive disadvantage and implementation of a single sales tax would bring the province into line with the most efficient form of sales taxation around the world. They say the tax reform being proposed, including the HST, will create jobs and position the Ontario economy for future growth as the province emerges from the economic downturn. They also claim the single sales tax will reduce paperwork costs for business by more than $500 million a year. Tax Relief to Offset the Ontario HST The 2009 Ontario budget will provide $10.6 billion over three years in personal income tax relief to help consumers through the transition to the single sales tax. This includes personal Ontario income tax cuts and direct payments or rebates. It will also provide $4.5 billion in business tax relief over three years, including reducing the corporate income tax rate to 10 percent over three years, cutting the small business tax rate and exempting more small and medium-sized businesses from corporate minimum tax. What the Ontario HST Means to Consumers For the most part, consumers will not notice a large change in prices. However, there are many items currently exempt from the provincial sales tax that will no longer be exempt. They include: gasolineheating fuelselectricitytobaccopersonal services, such as haircuts, membership fees for clubs and gyms, magazines, taxi fares, professional services for lawyers, architects, and accountants, and real estate commissions. The HST will not be charged on: basic groceriesprescription drugssome medical devicesmunicipal public transithealth and education serviceslegal aidmost financial serviceschild caretutoringmusic lessonsresidential rentscondo fees    Currently, the PST is not applied to those items. There will still be a few exemptions from the provincial portion of the sales tax: childrens clothing and footweardiaperschildrens car seats and car booster seatsfeminine hygiene productsbooks (including audio books)prepared food and beverages sold for $4.00 or lessprint newspapers The Ontario HST and Housing No HST will be charged on residential rentscondo feespurchase of resale homes    The HST will be applied on the purchase of new homes. However, homebuyers will be able to claim a rebate of some of the provincial portion of the tax for new homes priced up to $500,000. The rebate for new primary residences under $400,000 will be six percent of the purchase price (or 75 percent of the provincial portion of the tax), with the rebate amount reduced for homes priced between $400,000 and $500,000. Buyers of new residential rental properties will receive a similar rebate. The HST will apply to ​real estate commissions.

Social research methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social methods - Research Proposal Example portant to prevent, control as well as investigate cyber activities in order to protect the informational, financial and other assets of an individual or an organization. The digital assets of individuals and institutions should be protected sufficiently in order to maintain the CIA system of digital information which includes the factors of confidentiality, integrity and availability of digital assets. The information present in the human brains, in transit or stored in physical or digital media needs to be protected to maintain their authenticity and confidentiality. These facts establish the high requirement and relevance of understanding cyber-crime in order to control and prevent these crimes. The research work will be segregated in three categories for the ease of answering the research questions adequately. These categories are the prevention of cyber-crimes, the control of cyber-crimes and the investigation of cyber–crimes. The main terms that can be used to search the empirical literature relevant to this research are cyber-crimes, digital crimes, hacking, cyber frauds, viruses, attacks, cyber security, credit card fraud, identity theft, internet fraud, electronic communications privacy and electronic surveillance. Some relevant literary works in journals, article, newspapers and other publications can be considered for this research. The documents referred to for this research will include but are not limited to the use of books, journals, valid websites, published reports and guidelines. Also, the cyber laws implemented in differ countries for the prevention and investigation of cyber-crimes like the European Laws, The United States Federal laws, The Security Protect Yourself Against Cyber Trespass (SPY) Act , the Information Technology Act , Nigerian Evidence Act, Japan’s Cyber Laws, Indian Cyber Laws, the Cybercrime Act, the Freedom of Information Bill, the Data Protection Act and the Financial Integrity Act would be studied for gaining a

Contracting Officer Representative Research Paper

Contracting Officer Representative - Research Paper Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction There exist several ways in which the contracting office representative in the federal government is effective in terms of roles and responsibilities. This involves having the mandate of monitoring contractual performance based on giving briefs about presentations at the end of every contract. Additionally, the officer serves as the technical liaison whenever there are contracting and procurement challenges. Furthermore, this officer also overlooks at the communication channel by addressing issues of technical contacts and regulations that govern contacts (Bastianelli et al, 2003). Therefore, before this research delves into the effectiveness of contract office, there is the need to explore the background. Background In most na tions, the effective management of performance of contracts is paramount to ensure the integrity of contracts and related programs. Therefore, most government offices decided to create the contracting office under the leadership of a contracting officer representative. There was also the need to ensure that procurement and acquisition among employees was upgraded for the benefit of timeliness, completeness and quality. On that account, the government defined contracting as the primary technique that Federal Government agencies utilize in the buying of products or services from other agencies outside the government (Cibinic et al, 2006). Similarly, the government set the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) as the official regulatory body of managing contracts. As a result, the FAR came as a body that offers quality products and services to its clients while preserving the public’s trust and meeting their policy objectives. In addition, because of the creation of the office, t he contracting office representative assumed responsibility for contracting for purchase, the acquisition of products and services from the entities of the public sector, federal agencies, and local and state government companies (Kelleher et al, 2010). Statement of the Problem The challenge of whether the contracting officer in the federal representative is effective is determined by several factors. For example, there is a need to consider the stipulated roles and responsibilities of the contracting officer. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the federal office in terms of making purchases of products and services should meet the standards of performance contracts. These performance contracts should be targeted at private sectors, local and state entities that measure their contracts through the parameters of the job description. Similarly, the federal agency should make clear definition of the contractual terms that